Factors associated with claw lesions in gestating sows 

Factores asociados con lesiones de pezuña en hembras gestantes

Facteurs associés aux lésions aux onglons chez les truies en gestation

Sukumarannair S. Anil, BVSc, MVSc, PhD; Leena Anil, BVSc, MVSc, PhD; John Deen, DVM, MSc, PhD; Samuel K. Baidoo, MSc, PhD; Roger D. Walker, PhD

SSA, LA, JD: Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St Paul, Minnesota. SKB, RDW: Southern Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, 35838 120^th Street, Waseca, Minnesota. Corresponding author: Dr Sukumarannair S. Anil, Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 335 G Animal Science/Veterinary Medicine, 1988 Fitch Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108; Tel: 612-625-4243; Fax: 612-625-1210; E-mail: sukum001@umn.edu.

Cite as: Anil SS, Anil L, Deen J, et al. Factors associated with claw lesions in gestating sows. J Swine Health Prod. 2007;15(2):78–83.
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Keywords: swine, claw lesions, lameness, parity, housing system
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Received: April 5, 2006
Accepted: July 31, 2006

Hoof lesions are very common in pigs and are an important underlying cause of lameness.¹ Although sows with mild lesions may show no overt signs of pain, severe hoof lesions may cause lameness. In addition, lameness may result when hoof lesions permit entry of infections that spread upwards, affecting joints. Lameness is a welfare concern and a major reason for early removal of sows from breeding herds,² causing producers considerable economic loss. Housing conditions and management practices may be associated with development of foot lesions.³

Specific factors associated with hoof lesions in pigs include the interaction between the floor surface and the horn of the claw,⁴ physical properties of the floor,⁵ and nutrition, especially related to dietary biotin levels.⁴ Studies on hoof lesions in pigs are relatively rare. It is important to characterize and understand the factors associated with claw lesions to minimize the incidence of such lesions and to reduce removal of sows for lameness. The objectives of this study were to characterize claw lesions and to identify factors associated with different types of claw lesions in sows in a breeding herd in Minnesota.

Materials and methods

Animals, housing, and feeding

The study was conducted at the University of Minnesota, Southern Research and Outreach Center, Waseca, Minnesota. All protocols were approved by the institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Minnesota. One hundred and eighty-four sows (Genetically Advanced Pigs, GAP Genetics, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada) of parities 0 to 8 and weighing 166 to 337 kg at 109 days of gestation were included in the study. Sows were housed either in pens (12.75 m × 6.75 m) with one electronic sow feeder (ESF) per pen (TEAM electronic sow feeder; Osborne Industries, Osborne, Kansas) or in stalls (Crystal Spring Hog Equipment Ltd, St Agathe, Manitoba, Canada; length 200 cm, width 60 cm, height 97 cm). Pens and stalls had fully slatted flooring (solid portion 12.7 cm wide and 12.7 cm deep; slots 2.54 cm wide). Among the study sows, 102 had been housed in group pens during gestation throughout their life in the herd, and 82 had been housed in stalls during gestation. Twenty-one parity-one sows, 32 parity-two sows, 26 sows of parities 3 to 5, and 23 sows of parities > 5 were housed in pens, and 16 parity-one sows, 27 parity-two sows, 18 parity of parities 3 to 5, and 21 sows of parities > 5 were housed in stalls. Distributions of parities in group-housed and stall-housed sows did not differ (chi-square test; P > .05). Until day 109 of gestation, sows were fed 2.2 to 3.0 kg of feed daily (crude protein content 15%) on the basis of body weight and backfat at weaning. On gestation day 109, sows were weighed on a digital Ag Alliance scale (Altoona, Iowa) and backfat was measured at the last rib (5.08 cm from the midline of the back on both left and right sides) with a Lean-Meater ultrasound unit (Renco, Minneapolis, Minnesota). Mean backfat thickness for group-housed sows (19.76 mm; SE, 0.38 mm) and stall-housed sows (18.55 mm; SE, 0.60 mm) did not differ (two-sample t-test; P > .05). Sows were then washed and moved into farrowing stalls with cast-iron flooring (214 cm × 66 cm, excluding a creep area for the piglets). Sows in the farrowing stalls were offered 3 kg of feed per day until farrowing, and ad libitum feed during lactation. Sows were weaned at an average of 18.8 days of lactation (SE, 0.14 day).

Claw lesions and scoring system

Claws were individually examined for lesions on day 110 of gestation when sows were in the farrowing stalls. Lesions included erosions, cracks, and overgrowths. The horny wall and the volar (plantar) surface of the hoof were examined. The medial and lateral claws of each foot were examined for lesions on a severity scale⁶ of 0 (no lesions noted) to 4 (severe) (Table 1). Areas on the claw were classified as wall (composed of hard keratinized epidermis), heel (soft keratinized epidermis on the ventral aspect of the claw towards the posterior end, including overgrown heel), sole (hard keratinized epidermis anterior to the heel on the ventral aspect of the claw), junction between heel and sole, white line (junction between sole and wall), and toe (anterior part of the sole). The final score on each area was obtained by multiplying the number of lesions by the severity of these lesions. The total score for each claw was obtained by summing the scores for different areas of the claw. Total score on each foot was obtained by summing scores for different areas of the two claws. Scores on all areas of all feet were summed to obtain total claw-lesion scores.

Sows were made to walk a short distance within the farrowing room and were observed for difficulty in bearing weight on one or more limbs. Sows were categorized as either lame or non-lame. The same individual scored lesions and evaluated lameness in all sows, and was unaware of the gestation housing system at the time of scoring.

Statistical analysis

Median and range were used to describe the data collected on lesions. All analyses were performed using SAS software (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.1; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina). The proportions of sows with and without lesions on different areas in the lateral and medial claws of front and hind limbs were compared using one-sample and two-sample proportion tests. Separate logistic regression models (Proc Logistic, SAS) were fitted (Wald statistic) to analyze the association of lameness, parity, gestation housing system, and body condition (backfat and body weight) at 109 days of gestation with the presence or absence of lesions on different areas of the claw. For analysis, parity of the sows was categorized as P1 (parity 1), P2 (parity 2), P3-5 (parities 3 to 5), and P > 5 (parities > 5). Gestation housing system was categorized as pens with ESF or stalls, and lameness was categorized as lame or non-lame. A P value of < .05 was considered significant in all analyses.

Results

Median and range of lesion scores on different areas of claws are presented in Table 2. Only seven of the 184 sows had no lesions on any claw area, and these sows were all housed in stalls during gestation. More severe lesions were seen on walls and heels. Among the 184 sows examined and considering all claws, 88.6% had at least one wall lesion and 86.4% had at least one heel lesion (Figure 1). Other areas where lesions were common were the junction between heel and sole (66.3% of sows affected) and the white line (60.9% of sows affected). Toe lesions were relatively uncommon (0.5%). The proportions of sows with lesions were greater than the proportions without lesions (P < .05) in all claw areas except the sole. Lesions were more severe on forelimbs than on hind limbs (Table 2), and the proportions of sows with lesions on different areas of the lateral claws were greater (P < .05 for all except toe lesions) than the proportions of sows with lesions on different areas of the medial claws (Figure 2). The proportions of sows with lesions on the lateral claws were greater (P < .05) for both front and hind limbs (Figure 3). The proportions of sows with claw lesions were greater (P < .05) among sows housed during gestation in group pens with ESF than in those housed in stalls (Table 3), with the exception of toe lesions. Among the sows with claw lesions, 60.7% with wall lesions, 60.0% with heel lesions, 63.4% with white line lesions, 67.0% with lesions at heel-sole junction, 57.8% with sole lesions, and 75.4% with overgrown heels were housed in group pens during gestation. The proportion of lesions with severity > 2 was numerically larger in the wall and heel areas than in other areas of the foot, but this proportion was not statistically analyzed.

The odds ratios and confidence intervals indicating the association of lesions on different areas of the claw with body condition, lameness, parity, and gestation housing system are presented in Table 4. Since the overall prevalence of toe lesions was low, they were not included in the regression analysis. The likelihood of wall lesions increased 3% with an increase of 1 kg of body weight on day 109 of gestation. Sows with higher backfat on day 109 of gestation had a 15% greater likelihood of having heel lesions (P < .05) and a 12% lesser likelihood of having overgrown heels (P < .05). Non-lame sows had a 62% lesser likelihood of having white-line lesions (P < .05) than lame sows. The likelihood of having white-line lesions was 5.5, 4.5, and 2.9 times greater in sows of parities P1, P2, and P3 to P5, respectively, than in sows of parity > 5 (P < .05). The likelihood of having all types of claw lesions (overgrown heel and lesions on wall, heel, white line, junction between sole and heel, and sole) was greater in sows housed in pens with ESF (P < .05). The likelihood of having wall lesions, heel lesions, overgrown heel, white-line lesions, and lesions at the junction between sole and heel were approximately 10.0, 3.5, 5.0, 2.0, and 5.0 times greater, respectively, in sows housed in pens with ESF during gestation than in sows housed in stalls.

Discussion

The smaller number of sows without any claw lesions may be linked to the intensive selection and management in today’s swine industry that has made pigs grow rapidly to a large body weight. It has been suggested that this rapid growth affects the soundness of legs and feet.³ The findings of the present study are thus in agreement with a previous report⁶ that more than 96% of loose-housed sows and 80% of confined sows had at least one lesion on the lateral hind claws. The most prevalent lesions reported in that study⁶ were hoof-wall cracks, heel lesions, cracks in the white line, and overgrown heels. In the present study, the majority of sows had lesions on the wall, heel, and white line. In a recent study,⁷ it was reported that hyperkeratinization of soft heel tissue was observed in 74% to 84% of sows autopsied. Other common claw lesions observed were cracks in the hoof wall (44% to 49%), cracks in the sole (75% to 77%), and cracks in the white line (63% to 65%).⁷

The weight distribution of sows may be an important factor determining development of lesions on different claws and different limbs.³ Lesions may not develop equally on all claws, as observed in the present study. A previous study⁴ also indicated more lesions on fore and hind lateral claws than fore and hind medial claws, as in the present study. Hoof lesions may be more common in lateral claws because they have a greater weight-bearing surface than medial claws.⁸ More than 75% of the weight of the pig is born by the lateral digits, and 80% of injuries affect these digits.⁹ The strength of different parts of the foot may also vary, and junctions between hard and soft areas may be more susceptible to injuries.³ In the lateral digit, maximum weight is born by the heel bulb, followed by the junction between the heel bulb and the abaxial hoof wall, whereas the tip of the toe is the greatest weight-bearing region in the inner digit.⁹ In agreement with these reports, greater proportions of sows in this study had lesions at the heel-sole junction and on lateral rather than medial claws.

The floors in the stalls and pens in this study were fully slatted. The greater freedom of movement among sows housed in pens with ESF, and especially the greater activity associated with aggression at mixing and on entry into the feeder, may have been associated with the greater proportion of claw lesions in these sows. Severe lesions (lesion score > 2) on the wall and heel might also be associated with the slatted floor, ie, a foot catching between slats is a source of claw lesions. A higher incidence of claw problems in sows housed on partially slatted concrete floors than in sows on straw-bedding or solid concrete floors has already been reported.¹⁰ The space between slats, roughness of the surface, and edge design are crucial factors in deciding the extent of injury.¹¹ When body weight increases, the pressure exerted per unit area of the claw is greater, increasing the chance of injury. This might explain the greater likelihood of wall lesions with an increase in body weight on gestation day 109 and greater likelihood of heel lesions with an increase in backfat thickness on gestation day 109. However, the negative association between backfat thickness and overgrown heel could not be explained.

Foot lesions have long been recognized as a cause of lameness.¹² In this study, analysis suggested a link between lameness and white-line lesions. Other claw lesions were not significantly related to lameness. While the wall and sole consist of reinforced tubular horn, the white line is the cemented junction of wall and sole and is an inherent point of weakness.¹³ In cattle, it has been reported that injuries to the weak white line may easily penetrate the corium and facilitate spread of infection, causing lameness.¹⁴ Therefore, white-line lesions are more likely to cause lameness than other types of claw lesions. Although the relationship between claw lesions and lameness is obvious, occurrence of claw lesions is only one factor causing lameness in pigs. It has been reported¹⁵ that in cows, lameness may occur in the absence of lesions and that observed lesions may not necessarily cause lameness. The greater likelihood of white-line lesions in lower parities in this study may have occurred because older sows with severe white-line lesions might have already been removed from the herd for lameness or old age, excluding them from analysis.

The amount and type of activity of sows may determine the type and severity of claw lesions, and these two factors varied greatly in gestation stalls and group pens with ESF. The ESF allows only one sow at a time to eat, resulting in a highly competitive situation, especially since the sows were on a restricted diet during gestation. Fighting and aggressive activity at mixing and subsequently at feeding time may increase the likelihood of claw lesions in sows housed in group pens with ESF systems.¹⁶ The greater proportion of sows with claw lesions in pens with ESF compared to that in sows housed in stalls may have been due to the greater mobility of sows in the ESF system. Although a greater proportion of sows with claw lesions in pens is partly attributable to the ESF and associated aggression at feeding time, the extent of this effect has not been differentiated in this study.

Measures to minimize the incidence of claw lesions may have to focus on nutrition and management. Biotin supplementation of barley-based diets may reduce claw lesions.^4,17 Claw problems have been reported as more common in sows housed on slatted floors than in sows on solid floors with straw bedding, and also when stocking density is higher.¹⁸ Rough concrete, worn or uneven slats, and sharp protruding objects increase the risk of lesions. In slatted floors, the void ratio also influences development of claw lesions.⁹ Stable group structure in group pens may reduce opportunities for aggression and trauma.¹⁹ Similarly, minimizing chances of upward infection through claw lesions helps to reduce incidence of lameness.

Implications

• Under the conditions of this study, lameness and younger parity were associated with white-line lesions.

• Sows housed in group pens with ESF are likely to have more severe lesions in all areas of the claw than stall-housed sows.

• Measures to minimize claw lesions would help to reduce incidence of lameness and minimize removal of sows, especially younger parity sows.

References

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